\section{Presentation of Interviewees}
\label{sec:interviewees}

We have tried to contact several people and we managed to set up interviews with seven people from different sectors and with diverse interests. Common to them all is their full time interest in smart cities and the use of ICT to sustain or even increase our quality of life. A full list of whom we contacted can be found in appendix \ref{app:contacted}.

\subsection{Kristoffer Hvidsteen}

Kristoffer Hvidsteen is working as Sustainbility Lead in Denmark for Accenture and helping the organisation to act in the sustainability phase. Accenture is a global consultancy company with more than 100.000 employees operating in the whole world. They provide assistance and advise regarding strategy, outsourcing, and technology development for other companies and clients (Appendix \ref{appsec:hvidsteen}, 03:15). The following quote is taken from their website and shown how Accenture understands the concept of sustainability:

\begin{quote}
\textit{``Accenture is committed to helping forward-thinking organizations position sustainability as a key lever to long-term success and, ultimately, high performance. We help organizations leverage their assets and capabilities to drive innovation and profitable growth while striving for a positive economic, environmental and social impact.''}\footnote{\url{http://www.accenture.com/us-en/Pages/service-sustainability-intelligent-cities-strategy.aspx}}
\end{quote}

\noindent Additionally, Accenture participates in the smart city and open data discussions and technology developments. \bigskip

\noindent We find an interview with Kristoffer Hvidsteen relevant because he represents a big and important player from the private sector.

\subsection{Søren Møller Jensen}

At the time we contacted Søren Møller Jensen he was hired as project consultant in  Copenhagen Capacity (Appendix \ref{appsec:sorenmollerjensen}, 48:51), which is a publicly funded consortium promoting business and foreign investments in the city of Copenhagen. He is now hired as Business Development Manager in Copenhagen Capacity where he specifically works with smart cities from a business and innovation perspective. He tries to uncover the business potentials of the smart city through dialogue with companies, knowledge institutions and public authorities (triple-helix).\bigskip

\noindent We met Søren Møller Jensen in May 2014 at the conference ICN Summit 2014\footnote{\url{https://www.etouches.com/ehome/icnsummit2014/welcome/}} in Copenhagen, and so he was an early part of our research process. He has recently published the report called \textit{Smart City - a position of strength in the capital region}\footnote{Translated from Danish: \textit{Smart City - en styrkeposition i hovedstadsregionen}} \citep{JENSEN}, which has also played a role in shaping our research and sharpen our smart city interest. \bigskip

\noindent Taken from Copenhagen Capacity's website: 

\begin{quote}
\textit{``Copenhagen Capacity is the Danish capital city region's official organisation for investment promotion, business development and cluster growth. Founded as a non-profit organisation with the mission to grow business capacity in the Copenhagen region, Copenhagen Capacity works to:}

\begin{itemize}

\item \textit{strengthen the region's international competitiveness.}
\item \textit{market its strongholds internationally.}
\item \textit{improve framework and factor conditions for businesses, cl\-uster organisations and international talent.''}\footnote{\url{http://www.copcap.com/About\%20us}}
\end{itemize}

\end{quote}

\noindent Søren Møller Jensen is relevant to us because of his cross sector research and experience with how smart cities can attract business while still keeping a holistic view on the sustainability of the collective welfare. 

\subsection{Henrik Korsgaard}

Henrik Korsgaard is PhD student at Aarhus University and has a background in Information Studies with a focus in Interaction Design. And so, he sees himself as researching on the border between engineering, business, and urban planning. He is not solely researching on the concept of smart cities but is focusing on a micro view on the city to understand how to prototype and work in an urban context when doing technology development (Appendix \ref{appsec:henrik}, 03:30). Together with Martin Brynskov he has written the paper \textit{``Prototyping a Smart City''} \citep{MARTIN} where they

\begin{quote}
\textit{``argue that by approaching the so-called Smart City as a design challenge, and an interaction design perspective, it is possible to both uncover existing challenges in the interplay between people, technology and society, as well as prototype possible futures.''} \citep[p. 1]{MARTIN}
\end{quote}

\noindent We find Henrik Korsgaard interesting and relevant to our research because he represents academia and a research institution that is deeply concerned with smart cities\footnote{\url{http://smartcities.au.dk/da/}}. Secondly, his research perspectives are interesting for us because one can find similarities between his design-approach and our expected normative outcome.

\subsection{Søren Kvist}

Søren Kvist is Senior Enterprise Architect in the Department of Technical and Environmental Management in the Municipality of Copenhagen\footnote{\url{http://dk.linkedin.com/pub/søren-kvist/1/521/37b}}. His initial job was to see if the municipality could use a new city-wide street light infrastructure for anything else than just providing light. This emerged into the smart city project called Copenhagen Connecting which has recently won a prestigious smart city price at the 2014 Smart City Summit in Tel Aviv (which we also mentioned in section \ref{sec:researchsignificance}). The project is driven by Copenhagen Solutions Lab which Søren Kvist is part of. Project plans and indicators of social and economic impacts has been developed but it has not been realized yet (even though the buildings are ready for actors to move in and collaborate). The project is mainly focused on making data-driven solutions based on sensor data placed in sewers, trash cans, street lights, etc. throughout the city, and provide it to entrepreneurs and companies and by that let the market drive the solutions and make the project self-sustainable (Appendix \ref{appsec:kvist}, 05:13). The project is meant to be a means to reach the 2025 carbon-neutrality goals of the Municipality of Copenhagen. The data-driven solutions will consist of Intelligent Transportations Systems (ITS), and generally services for using the existing resources in the city a lot more efficiently (\ref{appsec:kvist}, 07:00). \bigskip

\noindent Søren Kvist is very relevant to our research because he is the initiator to a concrete data-driven smart city project based on open data. The fact that he is hired as Enterprise Architect is also appealing to us because we base our research on ideas and concepts from the field of Enterprise Architecture (mainly maturity and the systems approach). 

\subsection{Ville Meloni}

We will point to the presentation of Ville Meloni from the website of Forum Virium Helsinki, which is a non-profit cluster organisation that serves the whole quadruple helix by \textit{``develop[ing] new digital services in cooperation with companies, the City of Helsinki, other public sector organizations, and Helsinki residents. The aim is to create better services and new business, plus to open up contacts for international markets. Forum Virium Helsinki is a part of the City of Helsinki Group.''}\footnote{\url{http://www.forumvirium.fi/en/introduction/mission-and-vision-values}} They write the following about Ville Meloni:

\begin{quote}
\textit{``Ville Meloni has worked with Forum Virium Helsinki since November 2009. Currently he works in the 6Aika Strategy Office as Programme Manager.} \bigskip

\noindent \textit{6Aika strategy is part of the Finnish EU Cohesion policy 2014 - 2020 sustainable urban development theme. In 6AIKA six major cities of Finland co-operate in developing better services for their citizens and opportunities of new business and growth for their companies. City dwellers' lives improve, when important everyday services are available also as digital alternatives in addition to traditional ways.} \bigskip

\noindent \textit{Previously, Ville has managed the Helsinki Region Infoshare project, which aims to make the City's public regional data easily available for the residents, communities and anyone else with an interest in it. Ville is responsible for the execution of the project together with the City of Helsinki Urban Facts and other communities involved.''}\footnote{\url{http://www.forumvirium.fi/en/contact/ville-meloni}}
\end{quote}

\noindent Ville Meloni is relevant to our research because of his deep experience with and knowledge about how to use open data to enable the creation of sustainable cross-sector smart city solutions that serve the whole quadruple helix.

\subsection{Adrian Ulisse}

Adrian Ulisse is CEO \& Founder of Ethos Smart Cities and Communities, which is a smart city forum/project under the wings of the Ethos consortium. The ambition of Ethos, over the next 5 years, is to help 1 million people align their work to their passions for the benefit of all\footnote{\url{http://ethosvo.org/about/vision/}}. And so, sustainability is the main driver of this consortium, and institutional changes are of no hindrance to the visions of Ethos:

\begin{quote}
\textit{``We believe in putting the problem at the centre instead, and giving its ownership to the people that will attempt to solve it. And by finding capable people that really care about the problem, we find their passion alone can motivate them to work together to solve it, instead of having to rely on money as the main stimulus.''}
\end{quote}

\noindent They emphasize how collaboration cannot happen without trust and the creation of that trust is exactly what drives this thesis.

The Ethos Smart project is about driving these visions out in cities by means of open data, which can be beneficial to citizens, business, and the city itself. A holistic approach is a key strategy and Ethos Smart provides sustainable solutions to the global challenges facing cities that will make a positive impact to their citizens lives, protect the environment and encourage prosperity for all\footnote{\url{http://www.ethossmart.com/}}. \bigskip

\noindent Adrian Ulisse has 25 years of experience in the ICT industry and has worked for large systems integrators mainly dealing with civil infrastructure, airport supports, and oil and gas infrastructures -- all about deploying systems to make an infrastructure better. As cities are an aggregations of a range of different infrastructures, which are clearly not very well integrated today, he has a strong interest in the city perspective (Appendix \ref{appsec:adrian}, 02:05). When working with an intelligent city project in Malaysia, he realised that systems integration on a city level is not a technology issue but rather a people and organisational issue. 18 months ago he decided to set up a smart city business for making holistic solutions, which was made possible with the help of Ethos from where he got a number of interesting projects and associated funding (\ref{appsec:adrian}, 03:20). \bigskip

\noindent The relevance of an interview with Adrian Ulisse is evident as he shares some of our ideas and his project is a real, tangible project that see sustainability as a key driver for holistic smart city solutions by means of open data. 

\subsection{Lasse Steenbock Vestergaard}

Lasse Steenbock Vestergaard is working in the Smart City Lab at the Alexandra Institute in Aarhus. The Alexandra Institute is a private non-profit organisation, working with applied research, development and innovation in IT with the aim of creating growth and welfare in Danish society\footnote{\url{http://www.alexandra.dk/dk/sider/default.aspx}}. They arrange the annual event Aarhus Data Drinks which tries to assemble relevant people around open data and facilitate discussions to foster mutual understandings in an informal environment\footnote{\url{http://www.alexandra.dk/dk/aktuelt/arrangementer/arrangementer-2014/okt-dec/sider/aarhus-data-drinks_9_ivaerksaetteri.aspx}}. They are also involved in smart city projects where they see open data as one of the main catalysts of collaboration and  value-creating partnerships\footnote{\url{http://www.alexandra.dk/uk/right_now/news/news-2014/jan-mar/pages/three-reasons-for-using-open-data-to-make-the-city-smart.aspx}}. \bigskip

\noindent Lasse is relevant to us because he has knowledge about the technical and managerial areas and issues when implementing concrete open data platforms and solutions in a smart city context\footnote{\url{http://www.alexandra.dk/dk/medarbejdere/sider/lasse-steenbock-vestergaard.aspx}}.